Crystallization of high silica molecular sieves

Tetraethyl silicate has been hydrolysed under controlled conditions to produce "clear" silicate sols. An investigation of these sols by both trimethylsilylation and reaction with molybdic acid solution did not reveal any major difference between these sols and those produced from fumed silica. However these sols remain clear when heated to temperatures normally used in the synthesis of high silica molecular sieves (353K to 473K) and do not separate into solution plus solid gel as is the case with sols normally used in molecular sieve synthesis. New methods to follow the growth of zeolite crystals have been developed. Since there is no solid gel phase the zeolite crystals can be recovered by filtration and then weighed. Thus crystallization can be followed directly by mass growth measurements. Crystallization from the "clear" sols can also be followed by silicate analysis of the solution phase. These methods are not appropriate for crystallization from gels. Reaction mixtures have been sealed inside glass capillary tubes and the crystals grown at different temperatures. The crystal growth of individual crystals can then be followed by optical microscopy. The effects of temperature and chemical composition on the crystallization of ZSM -5 type zeolites has been examined. Apparent activation energies of growth for the different crystal faces have been calculated from Arrhenius plots. Factors which influence the size and shape of the crystals have been determined. Conditions for the growth of relatively large crystals of ZSM -5 have been established. Similar conditions are found to produce larger crystals of some other high silica molecular sieves (e.g. EU -1, ZSM -39 and ZSM -48). The crystallization of silicalite -1 at 368K from reaction mixtures with the composition 1Na20 20SiO2 1960H2O 80Et0H 2TPABr has been studied in detail, using thermal gravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, X -ray powder diffraction, pH measurements and crystal mass measurements. The rate of linear crystal growth has been determined by measurement of the largest crystals at various stages of the crystallization. Nucleation curves have been calculated from the final crystal size distribution and the crystal growth curve. The crystal mass growth curve has also been calculated from the crystal growth curve data and the final crystal size distribution. The calculated mass growth curve is found to be in close agreement with the actual mass growth curve obtained experimentally

The Five Accomplishments: A Framework for Obtaining Customer Feedback in a Health Service Community Learning Disability Team

The usefulness of using the philosophy of normalisation and, in particular, O`Brien`s (1992) Five Accomplishments as a basis for evaluating client satisfaction with a community based health service learning disabilities team was examined. A survey of a group of people with mild learning disabilities took place using the Five Accomplishments as a framework for a semi-structured interview. Areas of client satisfaction and dissatisfaction are discussed in the context of the use of a value-based means of obtaining feedback from clients. Limitations of interviewing techniques and specifically those used in this study are reviewed

Normalisers of irreducible subfactors

We consider normalizers of an infinite index irreducible inclusion Nsubset of or equal toM of II1 factors. Unlike the finite index setting, an inclusion uNu*subset of or equal toN can be strict, forcing us to also investigate the semigroup of one-sided normalizers. We relate these one-sided normalizers of N in M to projections in the basic construction and show that every trace one projection in the relative commutant N′∩left angle bracketM,eNright-pointing angle bracket is of the form u*eNu for some unitary uset membership, variantM with uNu*subset of or equal toN generalizing the finite index situation considered by Pimsner and Popa. We use this to show that each normalizer of a tensor product of irreducible subfactors is a tensor product of normalizers modulo a unitary. We also examine normalizers of infinite index irreducible subfactors arising from subgroup–group inclusions Hsubset of or equal toG. Here the one-sided normalizers arise from appropriate group elements modulo a unitary from L(H). We are also able to identify the finite trace L(H)-bimodules in ℓ2(G) as double cosets which are also finite unions of left cosets

Managing the lifecycle of your robot

‘Robot’ for this paper is assumed to be a cognitive device, acting as a co-worker within a team of human workers: a mobile device, with a degree of autonomy, interchangeable prostheses, interacting freely with surrounding humans, in a civilian environment. An exemplar lifecycle is the MoD’s CADMID lifecycle., and the paper concentrates on the In-service phase, for reasons of space. The approach is from a management perspective; a road-map is provided to acquire a robot, to put it to work, and to support both it and the team during its in-service phase. The emphasis is on what management needs to consider and the structures that need to be in place in order to run this process

Ergonomic issues arising from the `Next Manufacturing Revolution'

The paper outlines briefly the contents of the government-sponsored document, ‘The Next Manufacturing Revolution’, with its emphasis on practices appropriate to the demands for sustainability required by population growth and emissions control, and then explores some of the implications of the contents for the practice of ergonomics, particularly in relation to job design. It is clear that there are some significant extensions required to the knowledge classes, processes and practices of ergonomists; there are also some implications for the Institute’s role as a source of advice

Ethics and the killer robot

Ethics and the killer robo

Job design for manufacturing in an era of sustainability

The paper explores the changes that are likely to be necessary as the world moves to a more sustainable way of life. When these changes are added to the development of the Internet of Things, in which it is envisaged that devices with some level of embedded intelligence will communicate with each other, as will intelligent services, it appears that our current ways of conducting job design may be found wanting. The principles of socio-technical design will still apply; how these principles will necessarily be extended is the subject of this paper; how to include aspects of sustainability, the need to train for resilience, etc

Global drivers, sustainable manufacturing and systems ergonomics

This paper briefly explores the expected impact of the ‘Global Drivers’ (such as population demographics, food security; energy security; community security and safety), and the role of sustainability engineering in mitigating the potential effects of these Global Drivers. The message of the paper is that sustainability requires a significant input from Ergonomics/Human Factors, but the profession needs some expansion in its thinking in order to make this contribution. Creating a future sustainable world in which people experience an acceptable way of life will not happen without a large input from manufacturing industry into all the Global Drivers, both in delivering products that meet sustainability criteria (such as durability, reliability, minimised material requirement and low energy consumption), and in developing sustainable processes to deliver products for sustainability (such as minimum waste, minimum emissions and low energy consumption). Appropriate changes are already being implemented in manufacturing industry, including new business models, new jobs and new skills. Considerable high-level planning around the world is in progress and is bringing about these changes; for example, there is the US ‘Advanced Manufacturing National Program’ (AMNP)’, the German ‘Industrie 4.0’ plan, the French plan ‘la nouvelle France industrielle’ and the UK Foresight publications on the ‘Future of Manufacturing’. All of these activities recognise the central part that humans will continue to play in the new manufacturing paradigms; however, they do not discuss many of the issues that systems ergonomics professionals acknowledge. This paper discusses a number of these issues, highlighting the need for some new thinking and knowledge capture by systems ergonomics professionals. Among these are ethical issues, job content and skills issues. Towards the end, there is a summary of knowledge extensions considered necessary in order that systems ergonomists can be fully effective in this new environment, together with suggestions for the means to acquire and disseminate the knowledge extensions

The identification of knowledge gaps in the technologies of cyber-physical systems with recommendations for closing these gaps

The paper reports some training, education, and operational findings from an EU Horizon 2020 project that included the production of technology road‐maps for the domain of cyber‐physical systems (CPS). The project reviewed Deliverables from 72 CPS projects, all within Framework Programme 7 and Horizon 2020, including 18 from the ARTEMIS and ECSEL subprograms. This analysis led to the production of a “Knowledge Map” containing 75 technologies identified within the 72 projects as nodes in this map, connected by interoperability links. Filtering this map for each node, in turn, has led, in combination with other parts of the project, to some 48 recommendations for future focus and funding of developments in these technologies to assist in the rapid adoption of CPS in all domains. While the focus has been limited to European Union research and innovation, it is believed that the recommendations are transferable to other regions of the world